Exploring Gender Disparities in Public Leadership: Analyzing the Gender Ratio and Underlying Factors.

Aidan, Mlimira Xsaveria (2025) Exploring Gender Disparities in Public Leadership: Analyzing the Gender Ratio and Underlying Factors. Masters thesis, The Open University of Tanzania.

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Abstract

This study examines gender disparities in public leadership, focusing on the underlying factors that shape leadership styles, behavioral challenges, and governance outcomes among male and female leaders in Songea Municipal Council. Guided by the sex role theory, the study employed an explanatory sequential mixedmethods design, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches for comprehensive analysis. Quantitative data were collected from 331 respondents, representing an 86.2% response rate, using structured questionnaires. These findings were complemented by qualitative interviews with selected leaders to capture in depth perspectives. A purposive and stratified random sampling procedure ensured diverse representation across gender and leadership positions. Findings revealed significant gender imbalances, with 75.23% of leadership roles held by men, underscoring persistent systemic barriers to women’s representation. Female leaders were found to exhibit participatory and transparent leadership styles that foster collaboration and morale, whereas male leaders leaned toward hierarchical and autocratic approaches. Challenges such as work-life balance and cultural stereotypes disproportionately affected female leaders. The study concludes that leadership styles in public institutions are strongly shaped by societal norms, organizational structures, and policy frameworks that perpetuate inequality. It recommends policy reforms to strengthen gender equity, mentorship initiatives, and inclusive organizational cultures to enhance women’s representation and effectiveness in leadership roles. Keywords: Gender Disparities, Public Leadership, Leadership Styles, Sex Role Theory, Gender Equity, Organizational Governance.

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