Makulilo, Alex B.
(2013)
Re-balancing artists’ rights in cell phone
ringtones? An analysis of Tanzanian copyright.
Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, Vol. 8 (No. 6).
pp. 474-479.
Abstract
On 23 July 2012, The Citizen, a Tanzanian local newspaper,
bore an appealing headline, ‘How Bongo artists
miss billions in ringtone deals’.7 The paper reported that
OnMobile, a foreign company headquartered in Bangalore,
India, provided ringtone services for the two major
mobile service providers, Vodacom Tanzania and Airtel.
However, OnMobile had contractual arrangements with
Push Mobile, a local company in Tanzania. The latter
signed contracts with artists to obtain licences to use
their songs as cell phone ringtones. According to the
paper, in the period before OnMobile came on to the
scene, particularly in the late 2000s, artists had to deal
with either Push Mobile or Spice, both local companies,
if they wanted sell their songs as ringtones; this ceased to
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